![]() In Libya an internationally backed ceasefire agreed in October 2020 largely held during 2021. Turkey continued its military operations in northern Iraq, while the protracted conflict with Kurdish rebels in the south-east of Turkey also persisted.Įgypt’s low-level Sinai insurgency continued in 2021, while the 40-year territorial dispute over Western Sahara between Morocco and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Río de Oro (Polisario Front) began to re-escalate and contributed to a rise in Algeria–Morocco tensions. Iraq continued to be a fragile state, with weak institutions and a growing rift between the government and some militias. The Idlib ceasefire brokered by Russia and Turkey in 2020 remained in force. ![]() Turkey and its aligned Syrian militias intensified their attacks in the Kurdish-controlled territory in the north-east of Syria. The situation in Syria remained volatile in 2021. There were 14 multilateral peace operations in MENA in 2021, the same number as in the previous year.Ĭomplex and interlinked armed conflicts in Iraq, Syria and Turkey Many of the conflicts were interconnected, involving regional and international powers, as well as numerous non-state actors. Yemen was the region’s only major armed conflict, with annual fatalities greater than 10 000, and, aside from Iraq and Syria (high-intensity armed conflicts), the remaining armed conflicts were low intensity. ![]() The total conflict-related fatalities in the region fell for the fourth consecutive year, down about 75 per cent since 2017. There were eight states with active armed conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in 2021 (the same number as in 2020): Egypt, Iraq, Israel (Palestine), Lebanon, Libya, Syria, Turkey and Yemen.
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